Latin declensions

Formation of perfectum


Formation of perfectum is pretty complicated. Most handbooks advise to memorize this form of every verb, but it's not an absolute necessity.
Most popular endings are -vi and -ui :
I conjugation -are > -avi, IV conjugation -ire > -ivi.
In II and III conjugation it's -ui, but especially in the III conjugation most verbs form perfectum irregularly.

I conjugation: Most verbs are regular here, the ending is -avi (laudare, laudo, laudavi)
Exceptions :
1. Two frequent verbs with reduplication:
dare > dedi , stare > steti, its compounds : constare > constiti, praestare > praestiti
2. In one verb, there is a change -are into -i, with vowel lengthening: iuvare > iuvi
3. Verbs changing -are to -ui : sonare (sonui), vetare (vetui)

II conjugation: The regular ending is -ui, but many verbs are irregular (habere, habeo, habui)
1. Change of -ere to -i, mostly with vowel lengthening:
videre > vidi, movere > movi, sedere > sedi, cavere > cavi, solvere > solvi, respondere > respondi
2. Some verbs take -ss- or -s- : iubere > iussi, manere > mansi, ardere > arsi, augere > auxi, ridere > risi
3. Some verbs change -ere to -evi : flere > flevi, implere > implevi
4. Two verbs become deponentia in this tense : audere > ausus sum, gaudere > gavisus sum

III conjugation: Here most forms are irregular. Regular ending is -ui.
Frequent verbs having -ui are : colere, deserere, consulere, alere, rapere, eripere
Also verbs in -uere have -ui : metuere > metui, constituere , statuere, instituere

1. Some verbs change the consonant before -ui : ponere > posui, imponere (imposui), componere, proponere
Also : gignere > genui

2. Very many verbs have -s- or -x- :
dicere > dixi, mittere > misi (amittere, committere, permittere, promittere, dimittere), ducere > duxi (deducere, adducere, educere), vivere > vixi, trahere > traxi, gerere > gessi, premere > pressi, cedere > cessi (concedere, discedere, procedere, recedere), tegere > texi, claudere > clausi, sumere > sumpsi (consumere), accedere > accessi, contemnere > contempsi, dividere > divisi, fingere > finxi, cingere > cinxi, intellegere > intellexi, iungere > iunxi, spargere > sparsi, regere > rexi, scribere > scripsi, vehere > vexi, fluere > fluxi, laedere > laesi, edicere > edixi
More irregular are: surgere > surrexi, pergere > perrexi, diligere > dilexi ;
aspicere > aspexi, respicere > respexi

3. Change of vowel, mostly a into e, i into e :
agere > egi
facere > feci (efficere > effeci, deficere, interficere, conficere, afficere)
capere > cepi (accipere > accepi, recipere, excipere, incipere, suscipere, praecipere)
cogere > coegi, exigere > exegi, colligere > collegi, eligere > elegi, iacere > ieci
With consonant change : frangere > fregi.

4. Change of -ere to -i, mostly with vowel lengthening:
with loss of -n- or -m-:
vincere > vici, relinquere > reliqui,rumpere > rupi (corrumpere > corrupi), contingere > contigi, fundere > fudi , effundere > effudi
without additional changes :
legere > legi, fugere > fugi, vertere > verti (revertere), ostendere > ostendi, defendere > defendi, accidere > accidi, occidere > occidi (incidere), descendere > descendi, convertere, advertere, intendere, ascendere

5. Ending -ivi: petere > petivi (repetere), quaerere > quaesivi, cognoscere > cognovi, noscere > novi, crescere > crevi, cernere > crevi (decernere), sinere > sivi, quiescere > quievi, cupere > cupivi
Ending -ii : desinere > desii.

6. Reduplication :
Verbs in -dere > -didi : credere > credidi, reddere > reddidi, tradere > tradidi, addere, perdere, condere, edere, prodere
Other cases : consistere > constiti, cadere > cecidi, canere > cecini, parcere > peperci, discere > didici, poscere > poposci, fallere > fefelli, tendere > tetendi, tangere > tetigi, currere > cucurri (occurrere), pellere > pepuli, caedere > cecidi, pendere > pependi, parere > peperi

IV conjugation : The regular ending is -ivi
Exceptions :
1. long vowel : venire > veni (and all verbs in -venire)
2. sentire > sensi, reperire > repperi, aperire > aperui

Irregular verbs: esse, velle, ferre, ire, fieri, tollere
esse > fui, posse > potui,
with prefixes: deesse > defui, superesse > superfui, interesse > interfui
with change of prefix: adesse > affui, prodesse > profui, abesse > afui

ferre > tuli, conferre > contuli , inferre > intuli , deferre > detuli
referre > rettuli, afferre > attuli, auferre > abstuli, offerre > obstuli, differre > distuli

velle > volui, nolle > nolui, malle > malui

ire > ivi or ii, most verbs with prefixes have -ire > -ii : perire > perii, redire, transire, abire, edire, exire
fieri > factus sum, tollere > sustuli

No perfectum : inquam, aio
Only in perfectum (no present forms): coepi, odi, memini